#003399"> Comment

Schenker (1990), railroad clerks, NE

40

6.9

Workshift median

Coultas (1990), white collar, NM

15

20.4

Workshift mean +/- SD

Mattson (1989);flight attendants

4

4.7

4 flights, mean +/- SD

Footnote(1) Adapted from Repace and Lowrey 1993 [Ex. 4-263] 3399"> Benzene

Decane

Dimethylbenzene

Formaldehyde

Terpenes

Toluene

Xylenes

Caulking Compounds

Alcohols

Alkanes

Amines

Benzene

Diethylbenzene

Formaldehyde

Methylethylketone

Xylenes

Carpeting

Alcohols

Formaldehyde

4-Methylethyl-benzene

4-Phenylcyclohexene

Styrene

Ceiling Tiles

Formaldehyde

Clipboard/Particle Board

Alcohols

Alkanes

Amines

Benzene

3-Carene

Formaldehyde

Terpenes

Toluene

Floor and Wall Coverings

Acetates

Alcohols

Alkanes

Amines

Benzenes

Formaldehyde

Methyl styrene

Xylenes

Paints, Stains & Varnishes

Acetates

Acrylates

Alcohols

Alkanes

Amines

Benzenes

Formaldehyde

Limonene

Polyurethane

Toluene

 

Table III-2. - Emissions From Appliances, Office Equipment and Supplies(1)

Appliances

Carbon Monoxide

Nitrogen Dioxide

Sulfur Dioxide

Polyaromatic hydrocarbons

Carbonless Copy Paper .

Chlorobiphenyl

Cyclohexane

Dibutylphthalate

Formaldehyde

Computers/Video Display Terminals

n-Butanol

2-Butanole

2-Butoxyethanol

Butyl-2-Methylpropyl phthalate

Computer/Video Display Terminals

Caprolactam

Cresol

Diisooctyl phthalate

Dodecamethyl cyclosiloxane

2-Ethoxyethyl acetate

Ethylbenzene

Hexanedioic acid

3-Methylene-2-pentanone

Ozone

Phenol

Phosphoric Acid

Toluene

Xylene

Duplicating Machines

Ethanol

Methanol

1,1,1-Trichloroethane

Trichloroethylene

Electrophotographic Printers, Photocopiers & Related Supplies

Ammonia

Benzaldehyde

Benzene

Butyl methacrylate

Carbon black

Cyclotrisiloxane

Ethylbenzene

Isopropanol

Methylmethacrylate

Nonanal

Ozone

Styrene

Terpene

Toluene

1,1,1-Trichloroethane

Trichloroethylene

Xylenes

Zinc stearate combustion Products

Microfiche Developers/Blueprint Machines

Ammonia

Preprinted Paper Forms.

Acetaldehyde

Acetic Acid

Acetone

Acrolein

Benzaldehyde

Butanal

1,5-Dimethylcyclopentene

2-Ethyl furan

Heptane

Hexamethyl cyclosiloxane

Hexanal

4-Hydroxy-4-methyl pentanone

Isopropanol

Paper dust

Propionaldehyde

1,1,1-Trichloroethane

Typewriter Corrections Fluid.

Acetone

1,1,1-Trichloroethane

Footnote(1) Source [Ex. 4-33]

 

Table III-3. - Examples of Biologicals Found in Indoor Environments(1)

Class

Agent or Component

Origin

Arthopods and Insects

Whole organism, Body parts, feces

Furnishings, building materials, food

Microbes:

Algae

Whole organism, cellular components

Outdoor air, HVAC (rare)

Bacteria

Whole organism, spores and cell walls, endotoxin

Stagnant water, floods, cooling towers, industrial processes

Fungi

Whole organism spores and hyphae toxins and volatiles

Moist surfaces, HVAC system, bird droppings, outdoor air

Protozoa

Whole organism cellular components

Water reservoirs, pets (rare)

Viruses

Whole organism

humans and pets (rare)

Pets

Skin, scales danders, urine, saliva, feces

Pets, pet litter, pet Cages, pet toys, pet bedding

Plants

Stems, leaves and pollens

Outdoor and indoor air

Footnote(1) Adapted from Ex. 4-33

 

Table III-4. - Indoor Air Allergens Associated With Asthma(1)

Class

Typical examples

Animal:

Avian

High and low molecular weight proteins from feathers and droppings

Canine and Feline

High and low molecular weight proteins from dander, saliva, and feces

Arthropods:

Mites, Cockroaches,

Structural proteins, carbohydrates

Crickets and Moths

and metabolites

Dusts, Particulates and Fibers:

Household

Pollens, fungi, danders and mites

Metal

Chromium, cobalt, nickel, platinum, and vanadium

Plant

Castor bean, coffee, cotton, flour, and grain

Wood

Oak, mahogany, redwood, red cedar

Chemical Volatiles and Dusts

Acrylates, amines, anhydrides, colophony, enzymes, epoxy resins, freon, furfuryl alcohol, resins, isocyanates, latex, organophosphates, polyvinyl chloride, vegetable gums

Microbes and Microbial Products:

Bacteria \ Bacillus spp

Fungi

Alternaria spp., Aspergillus spp., Botrytis spp., Cladosporium spp., Penicillium spp., Pullularia spp

Pollens

Agrostis spp., Alopecurus spp., Anthoxanthum spp. Cynosurus spp., Dactylis spp., Holcus spp., Lolium spp., Secale spp

Footnote(1) Source: [Ex. 4-33]

 

Table III-5. Indoor Air Contaminants Associated With Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis(1)

Class

Typical Examples

Animals:

Avian

High and low molecular weight proteins from feathers and droppings

Rodent

Low molecular weight proteins from urine and feces

Arthropods:

Weevils

Sitophilus spp

Mites

Ascaris spp

Altered Host Proteins or Chemical Hapten-Carrier Conjugates

Amines, anhydrides, epoxy resins vegetable gums, and isocyanates

Microbes:

Bacteria

Thermoactinomycetes spp., Bacillus spp

Fungi

Aspergillus spp., Auerobasillium spp., Cephalosporium spp., Penicillium spp

Organic Dusts & Particulates:

Wood

Bark, Sawdust and Pollen

Grain

Arthropod- and microbially-contaminated grains and flours

Cleaning Products

Dust residues from carpet cleaning agents

Footnote(1) Source: Ex. 4-33

 

Table III-6. - Vapor Phase Constituents of Tobacco
Smoke and Related Health Effects

Constituent

Amount in MS

Ratio in SS/MS

Health Effects

Carbon monoxide

10-23 mg

2.5-4.7

Nervous system, cardiovascular system.(1)

Carbon dioxide

20-40 mg

8-11

Nervous system, cardiovascular system.(1)

Carbonyl sulfide

12-42 ug

0.03-0.13

Irritant, cardiovascular, and nervous systems.(1)

Benzene

12-48 ug

5-10

Known human carcinogen.(3)

Toluene

100-200 ug

5.6-8.3

Irritant, nervous system.(1)

Formaldehyde

70-100 ug

0.1 -~50

Probable human carcinogen.(3)

Acrolein

60-100 ug

8-15

Irritant, pulmonary.(1)

Acetone

100-250 ug

2-5

Irritant.(1)

Pyridine

16-40 ug

6.5-20

Irritant, nervous system, liver, kidney.(1)

3-methylpyridine

12-36 ug

3-13

Irritant.(2)

3-vinylpyridine

11-30 ug

20-40

Irritant.(2)

Hydrogen cyanide

400-500 ug

0.1-0.25

Irritant, nervous, cardiovascular and pulmonary system.(1)

Hydrazine

32 ng

3

Probable human carcinogen.(3)

Ammonia

50-130 ug

3.7-5.1

Irritant.(1)

Methylamine

11.5-28.7 ug

4.2-6.4

Irritant.(1)

Dimethylamine

7.8-10 ug

3.7-5.1

Irritant

Nitrogen oxides

100-600 ug

4-10

Pulmonary and cardiovascular system.(1)

N-nitrosodi-menthylamine

10-40 ng

20-100

Probable human carcinogen.(3)

N-nitrodiethylamine

ND-25 ng

< 40

Probable human carcinogen.(3)

N-nitrosopyrrolidine

6-30 ng

6-30

Probable human carcinogen.(3)

Formic acid

210-490 ug

1.4-1.6

Irritant, skin, kidney, liver.(1)

Acetic acid

330-810 ug

1.9-3.6

Irritant.(1)

Methyl chloride

150-600 ug

1.7-3.3

Nervous system.(1)

1,3-butadiene

69.2 ug

3-6

Probable human carcinogen.(3)

Footnote(1) NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Services, 1990. Ex. 4-238

Footnote(2) Hazards in the Chemical Laboratory. Ed: L. Bretherick, The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1986. [Ex. 4-137]

Footnote(3) EPA: Respiratory Health Effects of Passive Smoking: Lung Cancer and Other Disorders, 1992. [Ex. 4-311]

 

Table III-7. - Particulate Phase Constituents of Tobacco Smoke and Related Health Effects

Constituent

Amount in MS

Ratio in SS/MS

Health Effects

Particulate matter contains di- and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

15-40 mg

1.3-1.9

Animal carcinogen.(4)

Nicotine

1-2.5 mg

2.6-3.3

Nervous and cardiovascular system.(1)

Anatabine

2-20 ug

< 0.01-0.5

N/A.(5)

Phenol

60-140 ug

1.6-3.0

Irritant.(1)

Catechol

100-360 ug

0.6-0.9

Irritant.(3)

Hydroquinone

110-300 ug

0.7-0.9

N/A.(5)

Aniline

360 ng

30

Probable human carcinogen.(4)

2-Toluidine

160 ng

19

Irritant, cardiovascular system.(1)

2-Naphthylamine

1.7 ng

30

Known human carcinogen.(4)

4-Aminobiphenyl

4.6

31

Known human carcinogen.(4)

Benz[a]anthracene

20-70 ng

2-4

Animal carcinogen.(4)

Benzo[a]pyrene

20-40 ng

2.5-3.5

Probable human carcinogen.(4)

Cholesterol

22 ug

0.9

N/A.(5)

gamma-butyrolactone

10-22 ug

3.6-5.0

Animal carcinogen.(4)

Quinoline

0.5-2 ug

3-11

Irritant.(3)

Harman [1-methyl-9H- pyrido[3,4-b]-indole

1.7-3.1 ug

0.7-1.7

N/A.(5)

N-nitrosonornicotine

200-3000 ng

0.5-3

Animal carcinogen.(4)

NNK [4-(N-methyl-N- nitrosamino)-1-(3- pyridyl)-1-butanone]

100-1000 ng

1-4

N/A.(5)

N-nitrosodiethanolamine

20-70 ng

1.2

Probable human carcinogen.(4)

Cadmium

110 ng

7.2

Probable human carcinogen.(4)

Nickel

20-80 ng

13-30

Known human carcinogen.(4)

Zinc

60 ng

6.7

Irritant, nausea, vomiting.(2)

Polonium-210

0.04-0.1 pC

1.04.0

Known human carcinogen.(4)

Benzoic acid

14-28 ug

0.67-0.95

Irritant.

Lactic acid

63-174 ug

0.5-0.7

Irritant.(3)

Glycolic acid

37-126 ug

0.60.95

Irritant.(2)

Succinic acid

110-140 ug

0.43-0.62

N/A.(5)

PCDD's and PCDF's(6)

1 pg

2

N/A.(5)

Footnote(1) NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Services, 1990. Ex. 4-238.

Footnote(2) The Merck Index, 10th Edition, Merck & Co., Inc., 1983. Ex. 4-220.

Footnote(3) Hazards in the Chemical Laboratory. Ed: L. Bretherick, The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1986. [Ex. 4-137]

Footnote(4) EPA: Respiratory Health Effects of Passive Smoking: Lung Cancer and Other Disorders, 1992. [Ex. 4-311]

Footnote(5) N/A-Relevant information not available.

Footnote(6) PCDDs-Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins; PCDFs-Polychlorinated dibenzofurans.

 

Table III-10. Mean Nicotine Levels in Home and Workplace Air: Area Monitors(1)

Study and location

Sample

ug/m(3)

Comment

Leaderer and Hammond 1991, homes, NY State

47

2.17

7-day average smoking

Hammond [3-1096] Mass., industrial

 

24

9-hour average workshift (nonsmoker's air; smoking allowed on premises)

White collar

60

21.5

 

Blue collar

123

8.9

 

Food service

51

10.3

 

Carson (1988), offices, Canada

31

11

Workday samples

Miesner (1989) workplaces, MA

11

6.6

Workweek average

Oldaker (1990), restaurants, NC

33

10.5

1-hour average (range)

Jenkins (1991), Knoxville, TN, metro

 

 

1-hour average

Restaurants

7

3.4

 

Cocktail lounges

8

17.6

 

Bowling alleys

4

10.7

 

Gaming parlors

2

10.7

 

Laundromats

3

2.0

 

Airport gates

2

6.0

 

Office

1

6.0

 

Nagda (1989), U.S. Aircraft-in-flight average:

All flights

69

13.4

Smoking section

Domestic

61

0.11

Nonsmoking section

International

8

0.33

Nonsmoking section.

Vaughn (1990), highrise office building

1

2.0

Nonsmoking air; 9-hour average

Footnote(1) Adapted from Repace and Lowrey 1993 [Ex. 4-263]

 

Table III-11. - Nicotine in Nonsmokers' Air: Personal Monitors(1)

Study and Location

Sample

ug/m(3)

Comment

Schenker (1990), railroad clerks, NE

40

6.9

Workshift median

Coultas (1990), white collar, NM

15

20.4

Workshift mean +/- SD

Mattson (1989);flight attendants

4

4.7

4 flights, mean +/- SD

Footnote(1) Adapted from Repace and Lowrey 1993 [Ex. 4-263]
: .75pt">

Schenker (1990), railroad clerks, NE

40

6.9

Workshift median

Coultas (1990), white collar, NM

15

20.4

Workshift mean +/- SD

Mattson (1989);flight attendants

4

4.7

4 flights, mean +/- SD

Footnote(1) Adapted from Repace and Lowrey 1993 [Ex. 4-263] Ex. 4-263]